cp: Copy files
mv: Move and rename files
mkdir: Make a directory
alias: Define command macros
rm: Remove files and directories
more: Page through output
head: Show beginning of file contents
tail: Show end of file contents
df: Display filesystem space usage
du: Display directory disk space usage
cat: Show and concatenate files
grep: Search for patterns in files
chmod: Change permissions of files
chown: Change owner of files
zip: Compress and package files together
gedit: A WYSIWYG text editor
export: Make environment settings global
ps: List running processes
touch: Change file time stamps
id: Show information about the current user
sudo: Execute commands as another user
Standard Measurement Tools
• Top Resource Consumers: top
• System Activity Reporter: sar
• Virtual Memory Statistics: vmstat
• I/O Statistics: iostat
• System Log files: /var/log/messages
Linux Tools
• X-based tools: xosview
• The /proc virtual file system
• Free and used memory: free
Tools for monitoring and tuning CPU include:
• top
• pstree and free
• vmstat
• Syntax: vmstat
• Example : # vmstat 2 5
• mpstat –p All
• sar –u
• Syntax: #sar -B
#sar -R
• Example : #sar -B 2 3
#sar -R 2 3
• xosview
• xload
• System Monitor
Measuring Total Memory
• top
• free
• cat /proc/meminfo
Monitoring and Tuning I/O
• /proc file system
• sar -d
• I/O statistics by device [iostat –d]
Syntax : iostat -d
Eample : #iostat -d 2 2
• I/O activity by partition
iostat –d -p
• vmstat
• xosview
